The X-Men were created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, Stan Lee wanted to create a new superhero team after the success of the Fantastic Four.
The idea of mutants were created when Stan Lee wanted to have more superheroes, but he was tired of writing the origin stories, so mutants were created as people born with superpowers.
Their first comic appearance was in september, 1963, in The X-Men #1
The explanation for the X-Men name also came from the first comic as Professor Xavier says X-Men, "possess an extra power ... one which ordinary humans do not!! That is why I call my students ... X-Men, for EX-tra power!"
The original comic had characters such as Cyclops, Marvel Girl, Beast, Angel, Iceman, Magneto, Mastermind, Quicksilver, Scarlet Witch, and Toad as well as, Alex "Havok" Summers and Lorna Dane who were introduced a bit later than the others.
In 1969 Roy Thomas and Neil Adams rejuvenated the comic, but these issues got low sales compared to the other Marvel comics at the time.
The comic was canceled in March of 1970 due to the low sales, and halted at 66 issues.
Giant Size X-Men #1 was released in 1975 with Len Wein and Dave Cockrum. This started the revival of the X-Men from issue #94, with a whole new team of diverse characters(with the exception of Cyclops)
The 1980s had some of the best story arcs for the X-Men, the Dark Phoenix Saga, Days of future past, and many more
In the early 80s the X-Men became one of Marvel's top selling comics. The Uncanny X-Men became so popular that many spinoff series were made such as The New Mutants, Alpha Flight, X-Factor, Excalibur, and of course Wolverine.
The mutant Massacre story arc was too long to put into the monthly X-Men comic, and so it was spread across the various titles. This was a major success, and Marvel did a similar crossover for the Fall of the Mutants story arc.
The Claremont era introduced the Hellfire Club, Apocalypse, Mister SInister, Sabertooth, and a couple other villains.
In 1991, Marvel revised all the X-Men titles at the time in order to focus on the launch of a second X-Men series simply titled X-Men. This launch would have the return of Xavier and the original team split in two, with Cyclops' team being "Blue Team" and Storm's team being "Gold Team". The new series was written by Claremont and drawn by Jim Lee.
Issue #1 of the new series sold $7 million worth, around 3 million issues of 8.1 million pre-ordered, these numbers were record breaking and Guinness presented the honor to Claremont at the 2010 San Diego Comic Con.
Around this time X-Force was released, but it caused conflicts with the X-Men creative teams. Bob Harras(an editor of X-Men) sided with Jim Lee and Whilce Portacio(an artist for Uncanny X-Men) over Claremont in a dispute over plotting.
Claremont left after 3 issues of X-Men and ending his 16 years of work as an X-Men writer. There would be many replacements for Claremont over the years. Jim Lee would later leave, along with a few other artists in the following months, for Image Comics.
The X-men series had many books and mini series. It still had crossovers that happened annually from 1990-2001(The X-Tinction Agenda, The Muir Island Saga, The X-Cutioner's Song, Fatal Attractions, Phalanx Covenant, Legion Quest, Age of Apocalypse, Onslaught, Operation: Zero Tolerance, Hunt for Xaiver, The Magneto war, Apocalypse: The Twelve/Ages of Apocalypse, and Eve of Destruction), but many fans and editorial staff disliked the crossovers due to them feeling artificial, disruptive to the story, and not being all too impactful, but they were still a financial success.
The 1990s also introduced many new characters such as Gambit, Cable, and Bishop! As well as a bunch of solo series for the many characters!
1998 showed the end of Excalibur and X-Factor, but was replaced by Mutant X which took place in a parallel universe.